New paradigms on antibiotic recommendations for community-acquired infections in Spain / Nuevos paradigmas en las recomendaciones antibióticas en las infecciones comunitarias en España

Over the last years, the susceptibility activity of the most common microorganisms causing community-acquired infections has significantly changed in Spain. Based on the susceptibility rates of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from outpatients aged 15 or older with symptoms of respiratory or urinary tract infections in several Microbiology Departments in Catalonia in 2021, penicillin V should be first choice for most respiratory tract infections, amoxicillin and clavulanate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and a single dose of fosfomycin or a short-course nitrofurantoin should remain first-line treatments for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Updated information on antimicrobial resistance for general practitioners is crucial for achieving appropriate empirical management of the most common infections by promoting more rational antibiotic use.(AU)

En los últimos años han cambiado significativamente los porcentajes de sensibilidad de los microorganismos más comunes que causan infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad en España. A partir de los porcentajes de sensibilidad de Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae, recogidas de aislados de pacientes ambulatorios de 15 años o más, con síntomas de infecciones respiratorias o urinarias en servicios de microbiología de Cataluña en 2021, fenoximetilpenicilina debería ser la primera opción en la mayoría de los infecciones respiratorias, amoxicilina y ácido clavulánico en las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y la monodosis de fosfomicina o la pauta corta de nitrofurantoína como tratamiento de primera línea en las infecciones urinarias no complicadas. Es importante que los médicos de familia dispongan de información actualizada sobre la resistencia a los antimicrobianos para lograr un manejo empírico adecuado de las infecciones más frecuentes al promover un uso más racional de los antibióticos.(AU)

New paradigms on antibiotic recommendations for community-acquired infections in Spain.

Over the last years, the susceptibility activity of the most common microorganisms causing community-acquired infections has significantly changed in Spain. Based on the susceptibility rates of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from outpatients aged 15 or older with symptoms of respiratory or urinary tract infections in several Microbiology Departments in Catalonia in 2021, penicillin V should be first choice for most respiratory tract infections, amoxicillin and clavulanate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and a single dose of fosfomycin or a short-course nitrofurantoin should remain first-line treatments for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Updated information on antimicrobial resistance for general practitioners is crucial for achieving appropriate empirical management of the most common infections by promoting more rational antibiotic use.

Características clínicas y mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis intra y extra hospitalaria en un hospital de referencia en el periodo 2016-2017 / Clinical characteristics and mortality in patients with hospital-onset and community-acquired sepsis in a reference hospital in the period 2016-2017

RESUMEN Introducción. La sepsis continúa presentando una alta mortalidad a pesar de los avances en el tratamiento. Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas y mortalidad de pacientes con sepsis intra y extra hospitalaria en un hospital de referencia. Metodología. Estudio analítico retrospectivo de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de sepsis internados en el Hospital Nacional en el periodo 2016-2017. Resultados. Se estudiaron 160 pacientes, 105 (65,6%) tuvieron sepsis comunitaria y 55 (34,4%) intrahospitalaria. Hubo significativamente mayor proporción de varones (60,7%) entre los pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria, pero no hubo diferencia en la edad media (50,15±18,0 vs 53,5 ± 21,4). La frecuencia de algún factor de riesgo/comorbilidad (76,8% vs 53,8%), hemocultivo con resultado positivo (38,2% vs 17,1%) y esputo positivo (25,5% vs 3,8%) fueron significativamente mayor en los pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria. No hubo diferencia en el foco de infección pulmonar o gastrointestinal, sin embargo, el foco de infección en piel y partes blandas (3,6% vs 20,2%) y uro-genital (1,8% vs 17,3%) fueron significativamente más frecuentes en la sepsis comunitaria. Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa fueron los gérmenes más frecuentes, Acinetobacter baumanii y Pseudomona aeruginosa fueron significativamente más frecuentes en la sepsis intra-hospitalaria. La mortalidad estuvo asociada a la sepsis intra-hospitalaria (60,7% vs 40,9%; p=0,012; OR: 2,33 (IC95%: 1,19-4,56)); inmunosupresión (76,0% vs 43,0%; p=0,002; OR: 4,20 (IC95%: 1,58-11,19)) y choque séptico (70,4% vs 1,9%; <0,001; OR: 121 (IC95%:16,0-914)). Conclusión. La mortalidad fue alta en esta serie, significativamente mayor en los pacientes con sepsis intrahospitalaria, con inmunosupresión y con choque séptico.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Sepsis continues to present a high mortality despite advances in treatment. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with sepsis admitted to a reference hospital. Methodology. Retrospective analytical study of adult patients diagnosed with sepsis admitted to the Hospital Nacional in the period 2016-2017. Results. 160 patients were studied, 105 (65.6%) had community-acquired sepsis and 55 (34.4%) hospital-onset sepsis. There was a higher proportion of males (60.7%) among patients with hospital-onset sepsis, there was no significant difference in the mean age (50.15±18.0 vs 53.5 ± 21.4). The frequency of a risk factor/comorbidity (76.8% vs 53.8%), positive blood culture (38.2% vs 17.1%) and positive sputum (25.5% vs 3.8%) were significantly higher in patients with hospital-onset sepsis. There was no difference in the pulmonary or gastrointestinal infection focus, however, the infection focus in the skin and soft tissues (3.6% vs 20.2%) and uro-genital (1.8% vs 17.3%) were significantly more frequent in community sepsis. Staphylococcus aureus and SCN were the most frequent microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomona aeruginosa were significantly more frequent in patients with nosocomial sepsis. Mortality was significantly associated with hospital-onset sepsis (60.7% vs 40.9%; p=0.012; OR: 2.33 (95%CI: 1.19-4.56)); immunosuppression (76.0% vs 43.0%; p=0.002; OR: 4.20 (95%CI: 1.58-11.19)) and septic shock (70.4% vs 1.9%; <0.001; OR: 121 (95%CI: 16.0-914)). Conclusion. Mortality was high in this series, significantly more frequent in hospital-onset sepsis, immunocompromised and with septic shock patients.

Clinical risk factors for early mortality in patients with community-acquired septic shock. The importance of adequate source control.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for early mortality (EM) in the ICU in patients with community-acquired septic shock (CASS). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of patients with CASS admitted to the ICU (2003-2016). SETTING: ICU at a University Hospital in Spain. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with CASS. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: CASS was defined according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. EM were defined as occurring within of 72h following ICU admission. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors associated with early deaths. RESULTS: During the study period, 625 patients met the Sepsis-3 criteria and admitted with CASS. 14.4% of all patients died within the first 72h. Of 161 patients who died in the ICU, 90 (55.9%) died within the first 72h. The percentage of early and late mortality did not vary significantly during the study period. The need and adequacy of source control were significantly lower in patients with EM. In the multivariate analysis, ARDS, non-respiratory infections, bacteremia and severity at admission were variables independently associated with EM. The only factor that decreased EM was adequate source control in patients with infections amenable to source control. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of EM has remained stable over time, which means that more than half of the patients who die from CASS do so within the first 72h. Infections where adequate source control can be performed have lower EM.

Clinical risk factors for early mortality in patients with community-acquired septic shock. The importance of adequate source control.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for early mortality (EM) in the ICU in patients with community-acquired septic shock (CASS). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of patients with CASS admitted to the ICU (2003-2016). SETTING: ICU at a University Hospital in Spain. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with CASS. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: CASS was defined according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. EM were defined as occurring within of 72h following ICU admission. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors associated with early deaths. RESULTS: During the study period, 625 patients met the Sepsis-3 criteria and admitted with CASS. 14.4% of all patients died within the first 72h. Of 161 patients who died in the ICU, 90 (55.9%) died within the first 72h. The percentage of early and late mortality did not vary significantly during the study period. The need and adequacy of source control were significantly lower in patients with EM. In the multivariate analysis, ARDS, non-respiratory infections, bacteremia and severity at admission were variables independently associated with EM. The only factor that decreased EM was adequate source control in patients with infections amenable to source control. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of EM has remained stable over time, which means that more than half of the patients who die from CASS do so within the first 72h. Infections where adequate source control can be performed have lower EM.

[Predictors of drug-resistant pathogens in community-onset pneumonia: Are factors considered in health-care-associated pneumonia useful in the emergency department?] / Predictores de patógenos resistentes en las neumonías procedentes de la comunidad: ¿es útil en urgencias el concepto de neumonía asociada a cuidados sanitarios?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors related to drug-resistant pathogens (DRPs) in community-onset pneumonia (COP) and whether previously suggested criteria are useful in our emergency-department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective 1-year study of adults coming to the emergency department for COP. We assessed the usefulness of criteria used in health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP), as well the Shorr index, the Barthel index, and clinical suspicion of resistant pathogens. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: We included 139 patients with a mean (SD) age of 75.9 (15.3) years; 63.3% were men. Forty-nine COP patients (35.2%) were at risk for DRP-caused pneumonia according to HCAP criteria; 43 (30.9%) according to the Shorr index, and 56 (40.3%) according to the Aliberti index. A score of less than 60 derived from the Barthel index was recorded for 25 patients (18%). Clinical suspicion of a DRP was recorded for 11 (7.9%). A DRP was isolated in 5 patients (3.6%) (3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 2, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified 2 predictors of DRP-caused COP: hospital admission within the last 90 days (odds ratio [OR], 8.92; 95% CI, 1.92-41.45) and initial arterial blood oxygen saturation (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.98). The AUC was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85-0.98). The model identified 22 patients (16.8%) at risk for DRP-caused pneumonia. The positive and negative predictive values were 20% and 99.1%, respectively, for the model 90-day period (vs 8.7% and 98.9%, respectively, for criteria used in HCAP). CONCLUSION: Hospitalization within the 90-day period before a COP emergency and arterial blood oxygen saturation were good predictors of DRP in our setting. Criteria of DRP in HCAP, on the other hand, had lower ability to identify patients at risk in COP.

OBJETIVO: Analizar en las neumonías de la comunidad diagnosticados en nuestro centro los predictores de etiología por patógenos resistentes (PR) y evaluar la utilidad de distintos criterios de riesgo de PR previamente sugeridos. METODO: Se estudiaron prospectivamente durante 1 año los pacientes adultos procedentes de la comunidad atendidos en el servicio de urgencias (SU) por neumonía. Se evaluaron los criterios definitorios de neumonía asociada al cuidado sanitario (NACS), así como los índices de Shorr, Aliberti y Barthel y el juicio clínico de PR. Se realizó regresión logística múltiple y se calculó el área bajo la curva receptor-operador (ABC-ROC). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 139 pacientes con una edad media de 75 (DE: 15,3) años, el 63,3% varones. Tenían riesgo de PR según los criterios de NACS 49 (35,2%), según el índice de Shorr 43 (30,9%) y según índice de Aliberti 56 (40,3%). Se encontró un I. Barthel < 60 en 25 enfermos (18%) y juicio clínico de PR en 11 (7,9%). Se aisló PR en el 3,6% (3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa y 2 Staphylococcus aureus meticilin resistentes). En el análisis multivariado fueron predictores de PR el haber ingresado en los 90 días previos, con una odds ratio (OR) de 8,92 [intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 1,92-41,45], y la saturación inicial de oxígeno, con una OR de 0,85 [IC 95%: 0,74-0,98] con ABC-ROC de 0,91 (IC 95%: 0,85-0,98). Nuestro modelo identificó 22 pacientes (16,8%) con riesgo de PR, con valor predictivo positivo y negativo del 20% y 99,1%, respectivamente, frente a un 8,7% y 98,9%, respectivamente para NACS. CONCLUSIONES: En las neumonías de nuestro centro el antecedente de ingreso en los 90 días previos junto con la saturación de oxígeno fueron buenos predictores de PR, mientras que los criterios de NACS tuvieron menor capacidad de discriminación.

Predictores clínicos de eventos adversos serios en el adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Clinical predictors of serious adverse events in immunocompetent adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia

Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) ocasiona morbilidad y mortalidad significativa en la población adulta. Objetivos: Examinar las variables clínicas y de laboratorio medidas en la admisión al hospital que permiten predecir los eventos adversos clínicamente relevantes en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por neumonía comunitaria. Métodos: Evaluamos las variables clínicas y de laboratorio asociadas a eventos adversos serios en una cohorte de adultos hospitalizados por NAC. Los eventos adversos examinados fueron la admisión a UCI, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, shock séptico, complicaciones cardiovasculares y generales y estadía prolongada en el hospital y mortalidad a 30 días. Las variables predictoras fueron sometidas a análisis univariado y multivariado en un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Se evaluaron 659 pacientes, edad: 67 ± 18 años, 52% varones, 77% tenía comorbilidad, 23% fueron admitidos a la UCI, 12% requirieron ventilación mecánica, 31% presentaron complicaciones en el hospital, la estadía media en el hospital fue 9 días y 9,9% fallecieron en el seguimiento a 30 días. Las comorbilidades, inestabilidad hemodinámica y disfunción renal se asociaron con la admisión a UCI, riesgo de complicaciones y estadía prolongada en el hospital. El uso de ventilación mecánica y shock séptico fue más frecuente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica y disfunción renal. La edad avanzada, enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias crónicas, sospecha de aspiración, taquipnea y disfunción renal se asociaron al riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares en el hospital. Conclusión: Las variables clínicas y de laboratorio medidas en la admisión al hospital permiten predecir el riesgo de eventos adversos serios en el adulto hospitalizado por neumonía.

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) causes significant morbidity and mortality in adult population. Objectives: To assess clinical and laboratory variables measured at hospital admission associated to clinically relevant adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: We prospectively assessed clinical and laboratory variables associated to serious adverse events in a cohort of CAP hospitalized adult patients. Major adverse outcomes were admission to ICU, need for mechanical ventilation, septic shock, prolonged hospital stay, cardiovascular and in-hospital complications and 30-day mortality. The clinical and laboratory variables measured at hospital admission associated to serious adverse events were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models. Results: 659 CAP hospitalized immunocompetent adult patients were assessed, mean age: 67 years, 52% were male, 77% had comorbidities, 23% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), 12% needed mechanical ventilation, 31% had hospital complication, mean hospital length of stay was 9 days and 9.9% died at 30-days follow up. Comorbidities, hemodynamic instability and renal dysfunction were associated with ICU admission, risk of complications, and prolonged hospital stay. Mechanical ventilation requirement and septic shock were more frequent in patients with hemodynamic instability and renal dysfunction. Advanced age, chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, aspiration pneumonia, tachypnea, and renal dysfunction were associated with high risk of cardiovascular events in the hospital. Conclusion: The clinical and laboratory variables measured at hospital admission allow us to predict the risk of serious adverse events in CAP hospitalized adult patients.

Etiología de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en un hospital de cuarto nivel en Bogotá: estudio descriptivo de un registro institucional durante los años 2007 a 2012 / Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in a fourth level attention hospital in Bogotá: Descriptive study of an institutional record during 2007 to 2012

Introducción: La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) puede ser causada por diferentes gérmenes. En Latinoamérica la principal etiología es Streptococcus pneumoniae , aislado en aproximadamente el 35-40% de los casos. Objetivos: Describir las características de los pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de NAC durante 6 años en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, los principales agentes etiológicos y el patrón de susceptibilidad antibiótica en los microorganismos más importantes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 16 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de NAC. Se revisaron variables demográficas y clínicas, presencia de pruebas diagnósticas para determinar etiología y los microorganismos aislados. Resultados: Se aisló un germen en 130 pacientes, siendo los más frecuentes Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae y Staphylococcus aureus . Encontramos mayor frecuencia de microorganismos atípicos en menores de 65 años y en pacientes sin comorbilidades, y de enterobacterias en mayores de 65 años y en pacientes con comorbilidades. Discusión: Los principales gérmenes aislados son similares a los reportados en otras series. Llama la atención la frecuencia de Staphylococcus aureus y la presencia de SAMR. Es importante conocer la etiología local para adaptar las guías de manejo de acuerdo a los gérmenes encontrados, la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos y la disponibilidad de recursos.

Introduction: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be caused by different microorganisms. In Latin America the main cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in about 35-40% of cases. Objectives: To describe the characteristics of patients admitted with diagnosis of CAP at Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá during a 6 years period, the etiological agents isolated and the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility in the most frequent microorganisms. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study; all patients older than 16 years admitted with diagnosis of CAP were included. Demographic and clinical variables, diagnostic tests to evaluate etiology and the microorganisms isolated were reviewed. Results: At least one microorganism was isolated in 130 patients, being the most common Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus . We found higher frequency of atypical microorganisms in patients under 65 years and without comorbidities, while enteric gram-negative rods were more frequent in patients with comorbidities or older than 65 years. Discussion: Our most common etiologies are similar to those reported in other series. Special attention is drawn to Staphylococcus aureus as one of the major etiologies and the presence of MRSA. It is important to know the local etiology to adjust guidelines according to the isolated microorganisms, antibiotics susceptibility and availability of resources.

Community-associated urinary infections requiring hospitalization: risk factors, microbiological characteristics and patterns of antibiotic resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Although patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually managed as outpatients, a percentage of them requires hospitalization. To review risk factors and microbiological characteristics of community-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) requiring hospitalization has been our objective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out from November 2011 to December 2013. Incidence, microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients with CAUTIs that required hospitalization were analyzed. Risk factors (including diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, urinary catheterization) and resistance rates of each pathogen were also analyzed. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty seven patients were hospitalized in our department with CAUTI. The mean age was 56.2±19.85 years. Of them, 52.1% patients were women, 19.7% had urinary indwelling catheter and 11.4% have had a previous UTI. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (60.6%), followed by Klebsiella (9.2%), Enterococcus (8.4%) and Pseudomonas (7.2%). Enterobacteriaceae other than E.coli were more prevalent in male and older patients. On the other side the most frequently isolated pathogen in patients with a previous UTI and a urinary catheter was Entercoccus. The resistance rates E. coli against ampicillin/amoxicillin + ß lactamase inhibitor was 23.5%, against third-generation cephalosporins 16.6%, against fluoroquinolones 31.3% and 16.7% against aminoglycosides. 11.4% E. coli strains were producers of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL). Finally, the resistance rates of Enterococcus and Pseudomonas against quinolones were of 50.0% and 61.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CAUTIs that require hospitalization are most frequent in older age, male gender, and presence of urinary catheter, with urolithiasis and with previous episodes of UTI. These factors are also related to isolation of pathogens other than E. coli and higher resistance rates.

Caracterización etiológica y de sensibilidad a antimicrobianos en pacientes pediátricos con infección urinaria adquirida en la comunidad: Fundación Clínica Noel, Medellín, 2009 / Aetiological characterization and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in paediatric patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection: Fundación Clínica Noel, Medellín, 2009

Antecedentes: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una patología sumamente importante en la práctica diaria del pediatra y del médico general que atiende niños. Regularmente en su manejo se requiere la aplicación empírica de un antibiótico 48 a 72 horas antes de contar el patrón de sensibilidad antimicrobiana de la bacteria implica-da. Así, es importante que el médico conozca la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de las cepas circundantes para administrar los medicamentos que maximicen el éxito en la atención de los pacientes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, a partir de registros de exámenes de orina y urocultivos realizados en el laboratorio clínico de la Fundación Clínica Noel, Medellín, para identificar los niños y niñas con ITU. Luego se analizó la información concerniente a patrones etiológicos y de sensibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: El microorganismo preponderante fue Escherichia coli (72.5% de los casos); otros agentes encontrados fueron Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterococcus faecalis. Los medicamentos con mayor sensibilidad fueron ceftriaxona, gentamicina y amikacina. Conclusiones: Parece razonable que el manejo empírico de la ITU no complicada en los pacientes pediátricos sea con gentamicina, excepto en los lactantes, en los cuales podría usarse ésta o amikacina indistintamente. La ceftriaxona debería ser guardada para casos complicados o por cepas resistentes.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a quite important disease process for paediatricians and for general physicians who attend children. On most cases, managing these infections includes prescribing an antibiotic agent 48 to 72 hours prior to having a urine culture result with antibiotic sensibility patters for the said strain. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the physician to be aware of the general antibiotic resistance patterns of the strains most prevalent in his or her working place. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study in which the institution's databases were reviewed in search for information concerning urine tests and cultures performed at the laboratory. The information was the processed and analysed focusing on information regarding aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Results: The most common aetiologic agent was Escherichia coli (72.5%), followed by Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. Those antibiotics with greatest sensitivity rates were ceftriaxo-ne, gentamicin, and amikacin. Conclusions: It seems reasonable that empirical treatment for uncomplicated UTI in paediatric population should be started with gentamicin, except in those children under two years of age, in with both gentamicin and amikacin could be used without difference. Ceftriaxone should be saved for complicated or resistant strains.

Resistencia antimicrobiana en la infección urinaria por Escherichia coli adquirida en la comunidad: ¿cuál antibiótico voy a usar? / Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections: what antimicrobial to use?

OBJETIVO: Determinar la resistencia del uropatógeno comunitario más frecuente, Escherichia coli, a diversos antimicrobianos y deducir opciones de manejo empírico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Del 14 de julio de 2005 al 13 julio de 2006 se estudiaron cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de urocultivos de pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa de la Clínica Nova y del Hospital San José, en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Se identificó la bacteria y se determinó susceptibilidad a antibióticos mediante método automatizado. Se compararon los resultados entre las dos instituciones y la frecuencia de resistencia a antimicrobianos entre mujeres de entre 15 a 50 años de edad y > 50. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 652 urocultivos: 303 (46.5 por ciento) de Clínica Nova y 349 (53.5 por ciento) del Hospital San José. Las cepas aisladas fueron resistentes a ampicilina, en 67.2 por ciento; a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, en 59.2 por ciento; a cefazolina, en 35.6 por ciento, y a ciprofloxacino, en 24.7 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La resistencia a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y ciprofloxacino, considerados de elección en el manejo empírico de las infecciones de vías urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad, es alta. Las opciones de manejo son pocas.

OBJECTIVE: Determine antibiotic resistance of community-acquired uropathogen Escherichia coli and infer therapeutic options. MATERIAL AND METHODS: E. coli strains isolated from urine during a one-year period were studied. Identification and susceptibility tests were performed. RESULTS: A total of 652 isolates were included from patients in two institutions, a healthcare clinic 303 (46.5 percent) and a hospital 349 ( 53.5 percent). The antimicrobials with higher resistance rates were ampicillin 67.2 percent, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole 59.2 percent, cefazolin 35.6 percent and ciprofloxacin 24.7 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin used for empiric treatment in community urinary infections is high, and there are few available treatment options.